To significantly reduce plastic leakage, coordinated efforts are needed on three fronts: First, improving infrastructure where more plastic flows into natural systems is urgently needed in the short term. Second, enhance the economic value of recyclable materials. Third, reducing the negative impact of any possible leakage by shifting innovation to truly "biobenign" materials is a formidable innovation challenge. According to the report, 32% of plastic packaging escapes the collection system and enters the ocean and urban infrastructure, which brings huge governance costs. And plastic leakage is the real problem of plastic pollution in the environment.

            Substances of Concern (SoCs)
   For the purposes of this report, chemical elements and their compounds are referred to as substances of concern if they are likely to cause serious and often irreversible effects on human health or the environment. This concept relates to the risks associated with the environment and exposure.
   If concentrations or exposures exceed certain thresholds, such substances may cause harm. Recent scientific studies have shown that prolonged exposure to certain substances, even at very low concentrations, can have adverse effects on human health and the environment. Adverse effects include causing cancer, inducing biological mutation, infecting endocrine and so on. These substances mimic the body's natural hormones and cause health problems, leading to problems such as diabetes and obesity.
   Regulations such as the European Union's REACH regulation and the Toxic Substances Control Act issued by the U.S. Department of Environmental Protection have defined a similar concept of SoC. The European Chemicals Agency uses REACH's definition of a substance of high Concern (SVHC) as a substance that has the following properties:
Substances (CMR substances) that comply with the criteria for the reproductive classification as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic under EU Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (1A or IB).
Substances that are persistent, bioaccumulative toxic or very persistent and bioaccumulative (vPvB) according to REACH(Annex XIII). Specifically identified substances where there is scientific evidence that they may cause serious consequences are of the same level of concern as CMR or vPvB substances.
   Although plastics are widely used in packaging and their content is regulated, some individuals and organizations of scientists have raised concerns about the effects of specific substances (classes). Although the science is not always conclusive, some studies have found evidence of possible adverse effects on human health and the environment in specific cases related to substances of concern in plastic packaging. Many people suspect that phthalates are reproductive toxic and endocrine disrupting, and there is growing evidence linking them to two of the biggest public health threats facing society - diabetes and obesity. Some policy makers have taken steps to reduce children's exposure to phthalates, but they are still used in other packaging. Sweden has asked its Chemical Substances Authority to phase out the use of phthalates in Sweden. In dialogue with industry, the agency has proposed a variety of measures to replace phthalates, and in many places concerns have been raised about the regulatory framework, knowledge gaps, the range of substances or applications covered, and policy enforcement. For example, REACH exempts stabilizers (substances added to maintain the stability of polymers) from registration。